![]() ![]() They can escape the immune system by the lack or low expression levels of stimulatory molecules, and also they can survive for a long time in an allogeneic environment. MSCs due to regulate the immune system can reduce GVHD in allogeneic HSCT. It has recently been shown that they can inhibit activity B cells, T cells, NK cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages through direct cell-to-cell interaction and secretion of soluble factors including prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), indoleamine‐2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO), and transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β). There are many reports that MSCs can affect the immune system by interacting with myeloid and lymphoid cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent and non-hematopoietic stem cells that can differentiate into mesenchymal and non-mesenchymal tissues. However, some studies have shown that transplanted NK cells may lead to GVHD by producing pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-a) that directly cause cell damage or indirectly by increasing the activity of transplanted T cells. Following HSCT, NK cells are the first population of lymphocytes that recover after HSCT, which helps improve transplantation, reduce rates of leukemia relapse, and reduce GVHD. NK cells in leukemia patients who are candidates for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) play an important role in the graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) response. Natural killer (NK) cells are a member of the body's innate immune system, which have anti-tumor and anti-viral roles.
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